Khirbet Qeiyafa, a fortified town about 1000 BC
A fortified town with urban planning existed in the Judahite hill country around 1000 BC, in the valley 1 Samuel names.
Fakakikihi'iFeitu'u kuo kelic. 1020–980 BC
A small walled town with casemate walls and two gates, occupied briefly around 1000 BC and then abandoned — so its layer is unusually clean. No pig bones, no cult statues, and an inked ostracon in an early alphabetic script were found in it. It looks across the valley where 1 Samuel sets David and Goliath.
And the Philistines stood on a mountain on the one side, and Israel stood on a mountain on the other side: and there was a valley between them.
- Na'e 'ilo'i
- Overlooking the Elah valley, Israel, 2007 — Yosef Garfinkel and Saar Ganor's excavation
- 'Oku tauhi 'i
- In place; finds in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
- Na'e a'u mai fēfē kiate kitautolu
- Na'e keli hake, pe 'oku kei tu'u 'i he potu na'e langa ai.
Ko e me'a 'oku ne fakahā
The dating is secure by radiocarbon; almost everything else is argued — whether the town is Judahite, Philistine or Canaanite, whether it is the biblical Shaaraim, and what the ostracon says. It bears on the debate about a tenth-century state, and does not settle it.
Founga hono ngāue'aki 'e he kau hisitōlia
One of the most debated excavations of the last twenty years, argued in the mainstream journals from both sides.
'I he Folofola
Fekau'aki mo
Ngaahi ma'u'anga fakamatala
- Garfinkel & Ganor, Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 1 (2009); Finkelstein & Fantalkin, Tel Aviv 39 (2012)
'Oku 'i he lea faka-Pilitānia 'a e ngaahi fakamatala ko 'eni he taimi ni. 'E muimui mai 'a e liliu.