{"apiVersion":"1","dataset":"world-events","name":"World-history anchors","license":"CC0 1.0","source":"Wikidata via a hand-curated allowlist (MEGA.Bible)","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikidata.org/","data":{"source":"Curated anchors (mega.bible); multilingual labels from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0","license":"CC0-1.0","languages":["en","de","es","fr","pt","ru","sw","th","tl","to","uk"],"events":[{"slug":"sumer-uruk-city","year":-3500,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Uruk grows into the first great city (Sumer)","de":"Ürük","es":"Ürük","fr":"Ürük","pt":"Ürük","tl":"Ürük"},"wikidata":"Q6458515"},{"slug":"early-harappan","year":-3300,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization emerges","de":"Indus-Kultur","es":"civilización del valle del Indo","fr":"civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus","pt":"Civilização do Vale do Indo","ru":"Индская цивилизация","sw":"Ustaarabu wa Indus","th":"อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ","tl":"Kabihasnan sa Lambak ng Indus","uk":"Індська цивілізація"},"wikidata":"Q42534"},{"slug":"cuneiform-writing","year":-3200,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Cuneiform writing appears in Sumer","de":"Unicodeblock Keilschrift","es":"Apéndice:Caracteres Unicode/Cuneiforme","fr":"cunéiforme","ru":"Клинопись"},"wikidata":"Q521482"},{"slug":"egyptian-hieroglyphs","year":-3200,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Egyptian hieroglyphic writing begins","de":"Unicodeblock Ägyptische Hieroglyphen","es":"Apéndice:Caracteres Unicode/Jeroglifos egipcios","fr":"hiéroglyphes égyptiens","ru":"Египетские иероглифы","th":"ไฮเออโรกลีฟอียิปต์"},"wikidata":"Q2494183"},{"slug":"unification-of-egypt","year":-3100,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Upper and Lower Egypt unified under the first dynasty","de":"1. Dynastie","es":"Dinastía I de Egipto","fr":"Ire dynastie égyptienne","pt":"I dinastia egípcia","ru":"I династия","th":"ราชวงศ์ที่หนึ่งแห่งอียิปต์","tl":"Unang Dinastiya ng Ehipto","uk":"Перша династія єгипетських фараонів"},"wikidata":"Q203859"},{"slug":"norte-chico","year":-2600,"approx":true,"civilization":"americas","names":{"en":"Norte Chico cities rise in coastal Peru","de":"Norte-Chico-Kultur","es":"Civilización caral","fr":"Civilisation de Caral","pt":"Civilização de Caral","ru":"Культура Норте-Чико","th":"อารยธรรมการัล","uk":"Норте-Чіко"},"wikidata":"Q153836"},{"slug":"great-pyramid-giza","year":-2560,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Great Pyramid of Giza built","de":"Cheops-Pyramide","es":"Gran pirámide de Giza","fr":"pyramide de Khéops","pt":"Pirâmide de Quéops","ru":"Пирамида Хеопса","th":"พีระมิดคูฟู","tl":"pyramid of giza","uk":"Піраміда Хеопса"},"wikidata":"Q37200"},{"slug":"stonehenge-raised","year":-2500,"approx":true,"civilization":"world","names":{"en":"Sarsen circle raised at Stonehenge","de":"Stonehenge","es":"Stonehenge","fr":"Stonehenge","pt":"Stonehenge","ru":"Стоунхендж","th":"สโตนเฮนจ์","tl":"Stonehenge","uk":"Стоунгендж"},"wikidata":"Q39671"},{"slug":"akkadian-empire","year":-2334,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Sargon of Akkad founds the first empire","de":"Reich von Akkad","es":"Imperio acadio","fr":"Empire akkadien","pt":"Acádia (Mesopotâmia)","ru":"Аккад","th":"จักรวรรดิแอกแคด","tl":"Imperyong Acadio","uk":"Аккад"},"wikidata":"Q4461035"},{"slug":"epic-of-gilgamesh","year":-2100,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Sumerian Gilgamesh poems composed","de":"Gilgamesch-Epos","es":"Poema de Gilgamesh","fr":"Épopée de Gilgamesh","pt":"Epopeia de Gilgamesh","ru":"Эпос о Гильгамеше","sw":"Utenzi wa Gilgamesh","th":"มหากาพย์กิลกาเมช","tl":"Epiko ni Gilgamesh","uk":"Епос про Гільгамеша"},"wikidata":"Q8272"},{"slug":"ur-third-dynasty","year":-2100,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Third Dynasty of Ur ('Sumerian Renaissance')","de":"Ur-III-Zeit","es":"Tercera Dinastía de Ur","fr":"troisième dynastie d'Ur","pt":"Terceira dinastia de Ur","ru":"Третья династия Ура","tl":"Ikatlong Dinastiya ng Ur","uk":"Третя династія Уру"},"wikidata":"Q723587"},{"slug":"xia-dynasty","year":-2070,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Traditional start of the Xia dynasty in China","de":"Xia-Dynastie","es":"dinastía Xia","fr":"dynastie Xia","pt":"Dinastia Xia","ru":"Ся","th":"ราชวงศ์เซี่ย","tl":"Dinastiyang Hsia","uk":"Династія Ся"},"wikidata":"Q169705"},{"slug":"minoan-palaces","year":-1950,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Minoan palace culture flourishes on Crete","de":"Minoische Kultur","es":"civilización minoica","fr":"civilisation minoenne","pt":"Civilização minoica","ru":"Минойская цивилизация","th":"อารยธรรมไมนอส","tl":"Kabihasnang Minoe","uk":"Мінойська цивілізація"},"wikidata":"Q134178"},{"slug":"code-of-hammurabi","year":-1754,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Hammurabi issues his law code in Babylon","de":"Codex Hammurapi","es":"Código de Hammurabi","fr":"Code de Hammurabi","pt":"Código de Hamurabi","ru":"Законы Хаммурапи","th":"ประมวลกฎหมายฮัมมูราบี","tl":"Kodigo ni Hammurabi","uk":"Закони Хаммурапі"},"wikidata":"Q93304"},{"slug":"hittite-old-kingdom","year":-1650,"approx":true,"civilization":"anatolia-levant","names":{"en":"Hittite kingdom rises in Anatolia","de":"Hethiter","es":"hititas","fr":"Hittites","pt":"Hititas","ru":"хетты","sw":"Wahiti","th":"ฮิตไทต์","tl":"Hitita","uk":"хети"},"wikidata":"Q5406"},{"slug":"shang-dynasty","year":-1600,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Shang dynasty rises in China (oracle-bone writing)","de":"Shang-Dynastie","es":"dinastía Shang","fr":"dynastie Shang","pt":"Dinastia Shang","ru":"Шан","sw":"Nasaba ya Shang","th":"ราชวงศ์ซาง","tl":"Dinastiyang Shang","uk":"Династія Шан"},"wikidata":"Q128938"},{"slug":"thera-eruption","year":-1600,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Thera (Santorini) volcanic eruption","de":"Minoische Eruption","es":"Erupción minoica","fr":"éruption minoenne","pt":"Erupção minoica","ru":"Минойское извержение","uk":"Мінойське виверження"},"wikidata":"Q1144693"},{"slug":"mycenaean-greece","year":-1600,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Mycenaean Greek kingdoms flourish","de":"Mykenische Kultur","es":"civilización micénica","fr":"civilisation mycénienne","pt":"Civilização micênica","ru":"микенская цивилизация","th":"อารยธรรมไมซีนี","tl":"Kabihasnang Miseneo","uk":"Мікенська цивілізація"},"wikidata":"Q181264"},{"slug":"hatshepsut","year":-1479,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Hatshepsut reigns as pharaoh of Egypt","de":"Hatschepsut","es":"Hatshepsut","fr":"Hatchepsout","pt":"Hatchepsut","ru":"Хатшепсут","sw":"Hatshepsut","th":"ฟาโรห์แฮตเชปซุต","tl":"Hatshepsut","uk":"Хатшепсут"},"wikidata":"Q129234"},{"slug":"olmec-civilization","year":-1400,"approx":true,"civilization":"americas","names":{"en":"Olmec civilization arises in Mesoamerica","de":"Olmeken","es":"Olmeca","fr":"Olmèques","pt":"Olmecas","ru":"ольмеки","th":"ชาวโอลเมก","tl":"Olmek","uk":"Ольмеки"},"wikidata":"Q135364"},{"slug":"tutankhamun","year":-1332,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Tutankhamun reigns in Egypt","de":"Tutanchamun","es":"Tutankamón","fr":"Toutânkhamon","pt":"Tutancámon","ru":"Тутанхамон","sw":"totachamon","th":"ฟาโรห์ทุตอังค์อามุน","tl":"Tutankhamun","uk":"Тутанхамон"},"wikidata":"Q12154"},{"slug":"ramesses-ii","year":-1279,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Ramesses II ('the Great') reigns in Egypt","de":"Ramses II.","es":"Ramsés II","fr":"Ramsès II","pt":"Ramsés II","ru":"Рамсес II","sw":"Ramses II","th":"ฟาโรห์แรเมซีสที่ 2","tl":"Rameses II","uk":"Рамзес II"},"wikidata":"Q1523"},{"slug":"battle-of-kadesh","year":-1274,"approx":false,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Battle of Kadesh: Egypt vs the Hittites","de":"Schlacht bei Qadeš","es":"batalla de Qadesh","fr":"bataille de Qadesh","pt":"Batalha de Kadesh","ru":"Битва при Кадеше","uk":"Битва при Кадеші"},"wikidata":"Q203729"},{"slug":"rigveda","year":-1200,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Rigveda composed in northern India","de":"Rigveda","es":"Rig-veda","fr":"Rig-Véda","pt":"Rigveda","ru":"Ригведа","th":"ฤคเวท","tl":"Rigveda","uk":"Ріґведа"},"wikidata":"Q727413"},{"slug":"bronze-age-collapse","year":-1177,"approx":true,"civilization":"world","names":{"en":"Bronze Age collapse across the eastern Mediterranean","de":"Katastrophenzeit 12. Jahrhundert v. Chr.","es":"colapso de la Edad del Bronce Final","fr":"Effondrement de l'âge du bronze","pt":"Colapso da Idade do Bronze","ru":"Катастрофа бронзового века","th":"การล่มสลายปลายยุคสัมฤทธิ์","tl":"Pagguho ng Panahong Tanso","uk":"Катастрофа бронзової доби"},"wikidata":"Q1059758"},{"slug":"phoenician-alphabet","year":-1050,"approx":true,"civilization":"anatolia-levant","names":{"en":"Phoenician alphabet spreads across the Mediterranean","de":"phönizische Schrift","es":"alfabeto fenicio","fr":"écriture phénicienne","pt":"Alfabeto fenício","ru":"финикийское письмо","th":"ชุดตัวอักษรฟินิเชีย","tl":"Alpabetong Penisyo","uk":"фінікійське письмо"},"wikidata":"Q26752"},{"slug":"zhou-dynasty","year":-1046,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Zhou dynasty founded in China","de":"Zhou-Dynastie","es":"Dinastía Zhou","fr":"dynastie Zhou","pt":"Dinastia Zhou","ru":"Чжоу","sw":"Nasaba ya Chou","th":"ราชวงศ์โจว","tl":"Dinastiyang Zhou","uk":"Династія Чжоу"},"wikidata":"Q35216"},{"slug":"neo-assyrian-empire","year":-911,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Neo-Assyrian Empire expands across the Near East","de":"Assyrisches Reich","es":"Imperio neoasirio","fr":"empire néo-assyrien","pt":"Império Neoassírio","ru":"Новоассирийское царство","th":"จักรวรรดิอัสซีเรียใหม่","tl":"Imperyong Neo-Asiryo","uk":"Новоассирійська імперія"},"wikidata":"Q10914393"},{"slug":"carthage-founded","year":-814,"approx":true,"civilization":"anatolia-levant","names":{"en":"Phoenicians found Carthage","de":"Carthage","es":"Carthage","fr":"Carthage","pt":"Carthage","ru":"Картаж","uk":"Картедж"},"wikidata":"Q976381"},{"slug":"greek-alphabet","year":-800,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Greeks adapt the alphabet, adding vowels","de":"griechisches Alphabet","es":"alfabeto griego","fr":"alphabet grec","pt":"alfabeto grego","ru":"греческий алфавит","sw":"Alfabeti ya Kigiriki","th":"ชุดตัวอักษรกรีก","tl":"alpabetong Griyego","uk":"грецька абетка"},"wikidata":"Q8216"},{"slug":"olympic-games-first","year":-776,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"First Olympic Games held in Greece","de":"Olympische Spiele der Antike","es":"Juegos Olímpicos Antiguos","fr":"Jeux olympiques antiques","pt":"Jogos Olímpicos da Antiguidade","ru":"Античные Олимпийские игры","th":"กีฬาโอลิมปิกโบราณ","tl":"Sinaunang Palarong Olimpiko","uk":"Античні Олімпійські ігри"},"wikidata":"Q188468"},{"slug":"founding-of-rome","year":-753,"approx":true,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Traditional founding of Rome","de":"Gründung Roms","es":"Fundación de Roma","fr":"fondation de Rome","pt":"Fundação de Roma","ru":"Основание Рима","sw":"Kuanzishwa kwa Roma","uk":"Заснування Рима"},"wikidata":"Q1247524"},{"slug":"homer","year":-750,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Homer's Iliad and Odyssey take shape","de":"Homer","es":"Homer","fr":"Homer","pt":"Homer","ru":"Гомер","sw":"Homer","to":"Homer"},"wikidata":"Q19826483"},{"slug":"neo-babylonian-empire","year":-626,"approx":true,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Neo-Babylonian Empire rises under Nabopolassar","de":"Neubabylonisches Reich","es":"Imperio neobabilónico","fr":"empire néo-babylonien","pt":"Segundo Império Babilônico","ru":"Нововавилонское царство","tl":"Imperyong Neo-Babilonyano","uk":"Нововавилонське царство"},"wikidata":"Q624887"},{"slug":"fall-of-nineveh","year":-612,"approx":false,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Fall of Nineveh; the Assyrian Empire collapses","es":"batalla de Nínive (612 a. C.)","pt":"Batalha de Nínive","ru":"Падение Ниневии"},"wikidata":"Q612286"},{"slug":"nebuchadnezzar-ii","year":-605,"approx":false,"civilization":"mesopotamia","names":{"en":"Nebuchadnezzar II reigns; Babylon at its height","de":"Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II.","es":"Nabucodonosor II","fr":"Nabuchodonosor II","pt":"Nabucodonosor II","ru":"Навуходоносор II","sw":"Nebukadreza II","th":"พระเจ้าเนบูคัดเนซซาร์ที่ 2","tl":"Nabucodonosor II","uk":"Навуходоносор II"},"wikidata":"Q12591"},{"slug":"zoroaster","year":-600,"approx":true,"civilization":"persia","names":{"en":"Zoroaster teaches in Persia","de":"Zarathustra","es":"Zoroastro","fr":"Zoroastre","pt":"Zaratustra","ru":"Заратустра","sw":"Zoroasta","th":"ซาราธุสตรา","tl":"Zoroaster","uk":"Заратуштра"},"wikidata":"Q35811"},{"slug":"mahavira","year":-599,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Mahavira, founder-figure of Jainism","de":"Mahavira","es":"Mahavira","fr":"Mahāvīra","pt":"Mahavira","ru":"Махавира","th":"พระมหาวีระ","tl":"Mahavira","uk":"Магавіра"},"wikidata":"Q9422"},{"slug":"thales-miletus","year":-585,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Thales of Miletus: the first Greek philosopher","de":"Thales","es":"Tales de Mileto","fr":"Thalès","pt":"Tales de Mileto","ru":"Фалес Милетский","sw":"Thales","th":"เธลีส","tl":"Thales","uk":"Фалес"},"wikidata":"Q36303"},{"slug":"lao-tzu","year":-571,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Lao Tzu, traditional founder of Taoism","de":"Laozi","es":"Laozi","fr":"Lao Tseu","pt":"Laozi","ru":"Лао-цзы","sw":"Laozi","th":"เล่าจื๊อ","tl":"Laozi","uk":"Лао-Цзи"},"wikidata":"Q9333"},{"slug":"gautama-buddha","year":-563,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Gautama Buddha born in the Ganges plain","de":"Siddhartha Gautama","es":"Buda Gautama","fr":"Siddhartha Gautama","pt":"Siddhartha Gautama","ru":"Будда Шакьямуни","sw":"Gautama Buddha","th":"พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า","tl":"Siddharta Gautama Buddha","uk":"Сіддгартха Ґаутама"},"wikidata":"Q9441"},{"slug":"confucius","year":-551,"approx":false,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Confucius born in the state of Lu","de":"Confucius","es":"Confucius","fr":"Confucius","pt":"Confucius","ru":"Confucius","uk":"Confucius"},"wikidata":"Q4036488"},{"slug":"cyrus-founds-persia","year":-550,"approx":false,"civilization":"persia","names":{"en":"Cyrus the Great founds the Persian Empire","de":"Kyros II.","es":"Ciro II el Grande","fr":"Cyrus II","pt":"Ciro II da Pérsia","ru":"Кир II Великий","sw":"Koreshi Mkuu","th":"พระเจ้าไซรัสมหาราช","tl":"Ciro ang Dakila","uk":"Кір II Великий"},"wikidata":"Q8423"},{"slug":"cyrus-takes-babylon","year":-539,"approx":false,"civilization":"persia","names":{"en":"Cyrus the Great captures Babylon","es":"caída de Babilonia","fr":"chute de Babylone de 539 av. J.-C.","pt":"Queda da Babilónia","ru":"Падение Вавилона"},"wikidata":"Q28169617"},{"slug":"darius-i","year":-522,"approx":false,"civilization":"persia","names":{"en":"Darius I rules the Persian Empire at its peak","de":"Dareios I.","es":"Darío I","fr":"Darius Ier","pt":"Dario I","ru":"Дарий I","sw":"Dario I","th":"จักรพรรดิดาไรอัสมหาราช","tl":"Dario I ng Persya","uk":"Дарій I Великий"},"wikidata":"Q44387"},{"slug":"roman-republic","year":-509,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Roman Republic founded; the kings expelled","de":"Römische Republik","es":"República romana","fr":"République romaine","pt":"República Romana","ru":"Римская республика","sw":"Jamhuri ya Roma","th":"สาธารณรัฐโรมัน","tl":"Republikang Romano","uk":"Римська республіка"},"wikidata":"Q17167"},{"slug":"athenian-democracy","year":-508,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Cleisthenes establishes democracy in Athens","de":"Cleisthenes","es":"Cleisthenes","fr":"Cleisthenes","pt":"Cleisthenes","ru":"Cleisthenes","uk":"Cleisthenes"},"wikidata":"Q3026581"},{"slug":"battle-of-marathon","year":-490,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Battle of Marathon: Athens repels Persia","de":"Schlacht bei Marathon","es":"batalla de Maratón","fr":"bataille de Marathon","pt":"Batalha de Maratona","ru":"битва при Марафоне","sw":"Mapigano ya Marathoni","tl":"Labanan ng Marathon","uk":"Марафонська битва"},"wikidata":"Q31900"},{"slug":"battle-of-thermopylae","year":-480,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Battle of Thermopylae and Salamis","de":"Schlacht bei den Thermopylen","es":"Batalla de las Termópilas","fr":"bataille des Thermopyles","pt":"Batalha das Termópilas","ru":"Фермопильское сражение","th":"ยุทธการที่เทอร์มอพิลี","uk":"Битва при Фермопілах"},"wikidata":"Q131969"},{"slug":"socrates","year":-469,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Socrates, founder of Western philosophy, born","de":"Sokrates","es":"Sócrates","fr":"Socrate","pt":"Sócrates","ru":"Сократ","sw":"Sokrates","th":"โสกราตีส","tl":"Socrates","uk":"Сократ"},"wikidata":"Q913"},{"slug":"twelve-tables","year":-450,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Rome's Twelve Tables, its first written law","de":"Zwölftafelgesetz","es":"Ley de las XII Tablas","fr":"loi des Douze Tables","pt":"Lei das Doze Tábuas","ru":"Законы Двенадцати таблиц","th":"กฎหมายสิบสองโต๊ะ","uk":"Закони Дванадцяти таблиць"},"wikidata":"Q203686"},{"slug":"parthenon-built","year":-447,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"The Parthenon built on the Athenian Acropolis","de":"Parthenon","es":"Partenón","fr":"Parthénon","pt":"Partenon","ru":"Парфенон","sw":"Parthenon","th":"วิหารพาร์เธนอน","tl":"Parthenon","uk":"Парфенон"},"wikidata":"Q10288"},{"slug":"herodotus-histories","year":-440,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Herodotus writes the first great history","de":"Herodot","es":"Heródoto","fr":"Hérodote","pt":"Heródoto","ru":"Геродот","sw":"Herodoti","th":"เฮอรอโดทัส","tl":"Herodotus","uk":"Геродот"},"wikidata":"Q26825"},{"slug":"peloponnesian-war","year":-431,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta","de":"Peloponnesischer Krieg","es":"Guerra del Pelo","fr":"guerre du Péloponnèse","pt":"Guerra do Peloponeso","ru":"Пелопоннесская война","th":"สงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน","uk":"Пелопоннеська війна"},"wikidata":"Q33745"},{"slug":"hippocrates","year":-420,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Hippocrates, father of Greek medicine","de":"Hippokrates von Kos","es":"Hipócrates","fr":"Hippocrate","pt":"Hipócrates","ru":"Гиппократ","sw":"Hippokrates","th":"ฮิปพอคราทีส","tl":"Hippocrates","uk":"Гіппократ"},"wikidata":"Q5264"},{"slug":"plato-academy","year":-387,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Plato founds the Academy at Athens","de":"Platon","es":"Platón","fr":"Platon","pt":"Platão","ru":"Платон","sw":"Plato","th":"เพลโต","tl":"Plato","uk":"Платон"},"wikidata":"Q859"},{"slug":"gauls-sack-rome","year":-387,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Gauls sack the young city of Rome","de":"Schlacht an der Allia","es":"Batalla de Alia","fr":"bataille de l'Allia","pt":"Batalha do Ália","ru":"битва при Аллии","uk":"Битва при Алії"},"wikidata":"Q655777"},{"slug":"aristotle","year":-335,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Aristotle founds the Lyceum in Athens","de":"Aristotle","es":"Aristotle","fr":"Aristotle","pt":"Aristotle","sw":"Aristotle","uk":"Аристотл"},"wikidata":"Q84473023"},{"slug":"alexander-conquests","year":-334,"approx":false,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire","de":"Alexander der Große","es":"Alejandro Magno","fr":"Alexandre le Grand","pt":"Alexandre Magno","ru":"Александр Македонский","sw":"Aleksander Mashuhuri","th":"อเล็กซานเดอร์มหาราช","tl":"Dakilang Aleksander","uk":"Александр Македонський"},"wikidata":"Q8409"},{"slug":"maurya-empire","year":-322,"approx":false,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Chandragupta founds the Maurya Empire in India","de":"Maurya-Reich","es":"Imperio Maurya","fr":"Empire Maurya","pt":"Império Máuria","ru":"Империя Маурьев","sw":"Milki ya Maurya","th":"ราชวงศ์โมริยะ","tl":"Imperyong Maurya","uk":"Імперія Маур'їв"},"wikidata":"Q62943"},{"slug":"euclid-elements","year":-300,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Euclid writes the Elements of geometry","de":"Euclid","es":"Euclid","fr":"Euclid","pt":"Euclid","ru":"Юклид","uk":"Юклід"},"wikidata":"Q983758"},{"slug":"library-of-alexandria","year":-295,"approx":true,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Library of Alexandria founded","de":"Bibliothek von Alexandria","es":"Biblioteca de Alejandría","fr":"bibliothèque d'Alexandrie","pt":"Biblioteca de Alexandria","ru":"Александрийская библиотека","sw":"Maktaba ya Aleksandria","th":"ห้องสมุดแห่งอะเล็กซานเดรีย","uk":"Александрійська бібліотека"},"wikidata":"Q435"},{"slug":"ashoka","year":-268,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Ashoka rules India and spreads Buddhism","de":"Ashoka","es":"Ashoka","fr":"Ashoka","pt":"Ashoka Empreendedores Sociais","ru":"Ашока","uk":"Ашока"},"wikidata":"Q85060"},{"slug":"first-punic-war","year":-264,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"First Punic War: Rome fights Carthage at sea","de":"Erster Punischer Krieg","es":"primera guerra púnica","fr":"première guerre punique","pt":"Primeira Guerra Púnica","ru":"Первая Пуническая война","th":"สงครามพิวนิกครั้งที่หนึ่ง","uk":"Перша пунічна війна"},"wikidata":"Q6286"},{"slug":"archimedes","year":-250,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Archimedes of Syracuse, mathematician and inventor","de":"Archimedes","es":"Archimedes","fr":"Archimedes","pt":"Archimedes","ru":"Archimedes","uk":"Archimedes"},"wikidata":"Q776475"},{"slug":"qin-unifies-china","year":-221,"approx":false,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Qin Shi Huang unifies China as its first emperor","de":"Qin Shihuangdi","es":"Qin Shi Huang","fr":"Qin Shi Huang","pt":"Qin Shihuang","ru":"Цинь Шихуанди","sw":"Qin Shi Huang","th":"จิ๋นซีฮ่องเต้","tl":"Shih Huang Ti","uk":"Цінь Ши Хуан-ді"},"wikidata":"Q7192"},{"slug":"great-wall-china","year":-220,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"First Great Wall linked under Qin Shi Huang","de":"Chinesische Mauer","es":"Gran Muralla china","fr":"Grande Muraille","pt":"Grande Muralha da China","ru":"Великая китайская стена","sw":"Ukuta wa China","th":"กำแพงเมืองจีน","tl":"Mahabang Muog ng Tsina","uk":"Великий китайський мур"},"wikidata":"Q12501"},{"slug":"hannibal-alps","year":-218,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Hannibal crosses the Alps to invade Italy","de":"Zweiter Punischer Krieg","es":"Segunda guerra púnica","fr":"deuxième guerre punique","pt":"Segunda Guerra Púnica","ru":"Вторая Пуническая война","th":"สงครามพิวนิกครั้งที่สอง","uk":"Друга пунічна війна"},"wikidata":"Q6271"},{"slug":"terracotta-army","year":-210,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Terracotta Army buried with China's first emperor","de":"Terrakotta-Armee","es":"Guerreros de Terracota","fr":"Armée de terre cuite","pt":"Exército de terracota","ru":"Терракотовая армия","th":"สุสานจักรพรรดิฉินที่ 1","uk":"Теракотова армія"},"wikidata":"Q47672"},{"slug":"han-dynasty","year":-202,"approx":false,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Han dynasty founded; a golden age of China","de":"Han-Dynastie","es":"dinastía Han","fr":"dynastie Han","pt":"Dinastia Han","ru":"империя Хань","sw":"Nasaba ya Han","th":"ราชวงศ์ฮั่น","tl":"Dinastiyang Han","uk":"Династія Хань"},"wikidata":"Q7209"},{"slug":"battle-of-zama","year":-202,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Battle of Zama ends the war with Carthage"},"wikidata":"Q135030913"},{"slug":"destruction-of-carthage","year":-146,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Rome destroys Carthage and Corinth","de":"Dritter Punischer Krieg","es":"Tercera guerra púnica","fr":"troisième guerre punique","pt":"Terceira guerra púnica","ru":"Третья Пуническая война","th":"สงครามพิวนิกครั้งที่สาม","uk":"Третя пунічна війна"},"wikidata":"Q6334"},{"slug":"silk-road-opens","year":-130,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"The Silk Road opens between China and the West","de":"Silk Road","es":"Silk Road","fr":"Silk road","pt":"Silk Road","ru":"Silk Road","th":"ซิลค์โรด","uk":"Silk Road"},"wikidata":"Q58027"},{"slug":"julius-caesar-gaul","year":-58,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Julius Caesar conquers Gaul","de":"Gallischer Krieg","es":"guerra de las Galias","fr":"guerre des Gaules","pt":"Guerras da Gália","ru":"Галльская война","th":"สงครามกอล","uk":"Галльська війна"},"wikidata":"Q202161"},{"slug":"cleopatra","year":-51,"approx":false,"civilization":"egypt","names":{"en":"Cleopatra VII, last pharaoh of Egypt","ru":"Клеопатра","th":"คลีโอพัตรา"},"wikidata":"Q18002300"},{"slug":"caesar-assassinated","year":-44,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Julius Caesar assassinated in Rome","de":"Ermordung von Iulius Caesar","es":"asesinato de Julio César","fr":"assassinat de Jules César","pt":"Assassinato de Júlio César","ru":"убийство Гая Юлия Цезаря","th":"การลอบสังหารจูเลียส ซีซาร์","uk":"Убивство Гая Юлія Цезаря"},"wikidata":"Q1025466"},{"slug":"battle-of-actium","year":-31,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Battle of Actium; Octavian wins sole power","de":"Schlacht bei Actium","es":"batalla de Accio","fr":"bataille d'Actium","pt":"Batalha de Áccio","ru":"Сражение при Акциуме","th":"ยุทธนาวีที่อักติอูง","uk":"Битва при Акції"},"wikidata":"Q160387"},{"slug":"augustus-emperor","year":-27,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Augustus becomes first Roman emperor (Pax Romana begins)","de":"Augustus","es":"Augustus","fr":"Augustus","pt":"Augustus","ru":"Огастес","sw":"Augustus","tl":"Augustus","to":"Augustus","uk":"Авґустус"},"wikidata":"Q770041"},{"slug":"virgil-aeneid","year":-19,"approx":true,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Virgil completes the Aeneid","de":"Aeneis","es":"Eneida","fr":"Énéide","pt":"Eneida","ru":"Энеида","th":"อีนีอิด","tl":"Aeneis","uk":"Енеїда"},"wikidata":"Q60220"},{"slug":"tiberius","year":14,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Tiberius succeeds Augustus as emperor","de":"Tiberius","es":"Tiberius","fr":"Tiberius","pt":"Tiberius","ru":"Тиберий","uk":"Тиберій"},"wikidata":"Q21485162"},{"slug":"boudica-revolt","year":60,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Boudica leads a British revolt against Rome","de":"Boudicca","es":"Boudica","fr":"Boadicée","pt":"Boadiceia","ru":"Боудикка","tl":"Boudica","uk":"Боудіка"},"wikidata":"Q184634"},{"slug":"great-fire-of-rome","year":64,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Great Fire of Rome under Nero","de":"Großer Brand Roms","es":"Gran incendio de Roma","fr":"Grand incendie de Rome","pt":"Grande incêndio de Roma","ru":"Великий пожар Рима","th":"อัคคีภัยครั้งใหญ่ในกรุงโรม","tl":"Dakilang Sunog ng Roma","uk":"Великий пожар Рима"},"wikidata":"Q215231"},{"slug":"vesuvius-pompeii","year":79,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Vesuvius erupts and buries Pompeii","de":"Vesuv","es":"Vesubio","fr":"Vésuve","pt":"Vesúvio","ru":"Везувий","sw":"Vesuvio","th":"เขาวิซูเวียส","tl":"Vesubio","uk":"Везувій"},"wikidata":"Q524"},{"slug":"colosseum-built","year":80,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"The Colosseum opens in Rome","de":"Kolosseum","es":"Coliseo","fr":"Colisée","pt":"Coliseu de Roma","ru":"Колизей","sw":"Koloseo","th":"โคลอสเซียม","tl":"Koliseo","uk":"Колізей"},"wikidata":"Q10285"},{"slug":"teotihuacan","year":100,"approx":true,"civilization":"americas","names":{"en":"Teotihuacan grows into a great city in Mexico","de":"Teotihuacán","es":"Teotihuacan","fr":"Teotihuacan","pt":"Teotihuacan","ru":"Теотиуакан","th":"เตโอตีวากาน","uk":"Теотіуакан"},"wikidata":"Q172613"},{"slug":"kushan-empire","year":105,"approx":true,"civilization":"india","names":{"en":"Kushan Empire links India, Persia and China","de":"Kuschana","es":"Imperio kushán","fr":"Empire kouchan","pt":"Império dos Kushana","ru":"Кушанское царство","th":"จักรวรรดิกุษาณะ","uk":"Кушанська імперія"},"wikidata":"Q25979"},{"slug":"paper-invented-china","year":105,"approx":true,"civilization":"china","names":{"en":"Cai Lun refines papermaking in China","de":"Cai Lun","es":"Cai Lun","fr":"Cai Lun","pt":"Cai Lun","ru":"Цай Лунь","th":"ไช่ หลุน","tl":"Cai Lun","uk":"Цай Лунь"},"wikidata":"Q229235"},{"slug":"trajan-empire-peak","year":117,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent under Trajan","de":"Trajan"},"wikidata":"Q63834928"},{"slug":"pantheon-rebuilt","year":126,"approx":true,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Hadrian rebuilds the Pantheon in Rome"},"wikidata":"Q110705472"},{"slug":"ptolemy-almagest","year":150,"approx":true,"civilization":"greece","names":{"en":"Ptolemy maps the heavens in the Almagest","de":"Ptolemy","es":"Ptolemy","fr":"Ptolemy","pt":"Ptolemy","sw":"Ptolemy","to":"Ptolemy"},"wikidata":"Q13416191"},{"slug":"marcus-aurelius","year":161,"approx":false,"civilization":"rome","names":{"en":"Marcus Aurelius, philosopher-emperor of Rome","de":"Mark Aurel","es":"Marco Aurelio","fr":"Marc Aurèle","pt":"Marco Aurélio","ru":"Марк Аврелий","sw":"Marcus Aurelius","th":"จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส","tl":"Marco Aurelio","uk":"Марк Аврелій"},"wikidata":"Q1430"}]}}